The Definition of Openings (Floor and Wall Openings)

Definition of Openings (Floor and Wall Openings)

Floor and wall openings are gaps or holes in walking-working surfaces or walls that a person could fall through or that objects could fall through onto people below. They include floor holes, skylights, hatches, pits, roof openings and wall openings near an edge. OSHA requires these openings to be protected with covers, guardrails or other fall protection under its walking-working surfaces rules (29 CFR 1910.28 and 1910.29) and construction fall protection rules (29 CFR 1926.501 and 1926.502).

Key Facts About Floor and Wall Openings

• OSHA defines a hole as a gap or void 2 inches or more in its least dimension in a floor, roof or other walking-working surface.
• Hole covers must support at least twice the maximum intended load, be secured against displacement, and in construction be marked "HOLE" or "COVER."
• Skylights must be protected with screens, covers or guardrails, because they can't support a person's weight.
• Fall protection is triggered at 4 feet in general industry and 6 feet in construction.

Example of Floor and Wall Openings

During a roof HVAC replacement, a crew cuts an opening for a new unit. Before leaving it unattended, they install a plywood cover that can hold twice the expected load, screw it to the deck so it can't slide, and spray "HOLE" on top.

How to Protect Openings

1. Identify all openings during job planning and daily inspections.
2. Cover holes with secured, labeled covers rated for twice the expected load.
3. Use guardrails around larger openings and skylights.
4. Keep covers in place, and only remove them with a plan and fall protection.
5. Protect people below from falling objects with toe boards, screens or barricades.

Related Terms

• Walking-Working Surfaces
• Guardrail System
• Fall Protection
• Dropped Object Hazard

Frequently Asked Questions: Floor and Wall Openings

Can I use caution tape around a floor hole?

No. Caution tape is a warning, not protection. Holes must be covered or guarded with systems that can actually stop a fall.

Why are skylights so dangerous?

Skylights often look solid but can't support a person's weight. Workers who step or sit on them can fall through, which is why OSHA requires guarding.

Who is responsible for keeping hole covers in place?

The employer creating or controlling the hazard, and on multi-employer sites, controlling contractors are also expected to make sure openings stay protected.